School safety

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School Safety Research Portfolio

NIJ’s School Safety Research Portfolio supports research and evaluation projects aimed at increasing knowledge about the causes of school violence and what works to prevent and respond to school violence for K-12 students and staff, including technologies to enhance physical safety and security.

Portfolio Description

School safety is essential for creating a supportive learning environment where students and staff can thrive without fear, distraction, or...

Exploring Resiliency Within Schools: An Investigation of the Effects of Protective Factors

Journal

Youth & Society

Date Published

October 2011

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Student Violence Against Teachers in Large U.S. School Districts: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Journal

Journal of School Violence

Date Published

October 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Scaling Up Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Costs and Their Distribution Across State, Districts, and Schools

Journal

Scientific Reports

Date Published

July 2020

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Program/Project Evaluation

Student Outcomes from the Pilot Test of a Comprehensive School Safety Framework for High Schools: Student Ownership, Accountability, and Responsibility for School Safety (SOARS)

Journal

NASSP Bulletin

Date Published

December 2022

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Panarchy as a Framework for Exploring Racial Disparities in School Discipline

Journal

Journal of Community Practice

Date Published

December 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

The Impact of School Police Reform on Student Safety and School Experiences: Final Summary Report

Date Published

January 2026

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical), Legislation/Policy Analysis

When Schools Feel Unsafe: Theoretical Models of Teacher Risk and Fear

Journal

Crime & Delinquency

Date Published

May 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Suggested Supports for Improving the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program’s Implementation and Impact in an Under-Resourced Middle School Context

Journal

Springer Nature Link

Date Published

May 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Teacher-Delivered Mental Health Interventions Promises, Challenges, and Recommendations for Future Directions

Date Published

August 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Equity in law enforcement actions following a school threat assessment

Journal

Law and Human Behavior

Date Published

August 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Decriminalizing or reassembling schools? Implications of removing police from schools for racial and ethnic disparities in criminal justice system contact

Journal

Social Problems

Date Published

October 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

A Comparative Study of Mass and Non-Mass School Shootings in the United States

Journal

Journal of School Violence

Date Published

October 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Exploring Teacher Targeted Bullying by Students: Findings from the 50 Largest U.S. School Districts

Journal

Journal of School Violence

Date Published

October 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Associations Between Evolving Cannabis Policies and Cannabis-Related School Discipline Among Secondary School Students in Massachusetts, 2005-2019

Journal

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Date Published

September 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of Rural School Support Strategies for behavioral interventions: a mixed methods evaluation over two years of a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness trial

Journal

Implementation Science

Date Published

August 2023

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Program/Project Evaluation

Grade Level Distinctions in Student Threats of Violence

Date Published

2020

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

School Threat Assessment Versus Suicide Assessment: Statewide Prevalence and Case Characteristics.

Journal

Psychology in the Schools

Date Published

2019

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical), Program/Project Description

Identifying Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing the Say Something Anonymous Reporting System in Miami-Dade County, USA: A Qualitative Study

Journal

Injury Prevention

Date Published

October 2024

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Outcomes Associated with Nevada SafeVoice: A Statewide Anonymous Tip Line for School-Age Youth

Journal

Journal of School Violence

Date Published

January 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Profiles of Principal Stress and Coping: Concurrent and Prospective Correlates

Journal

Journal of School Psychology

Date Published

December 2024

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Supporting Implementation of Universal Prevention Initiatives in K-12 Schools: Impacts on Fidelity through Organizational Readiness and Team Functioning in a Cluster-Randomized Trial

Journal

Implementation Science

Date Published

January 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Structural Inequality in School Discipline: Regulating Intolerance in Public Schools

Date Published

2017

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical), Thesis/Dissertation

Training and Technical Assistance Increase the Fidelity of Implementation of a Universal Prevention Initiative in Rural Schools: Results from a 3-Year Cluster-Randomized Trial

Journal

Prevention Science

Date Published

February 2025

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)

Concordance in Child-Parent Reporting of Social Victimization Experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

Journal

Academic Pediatrics

Date Published

May 2023

Agencies

NIJ-Sponsored

Publication Type

Research (Applied/Empirical)