Forensic analysis of Salvia divinorum using multivariate statistical procedures. Part I: discrimination from related Salvia species

• NCJ Number: 308353
• Journal: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Volume: 402 Dated: 29 October 2011 Pages: 833-842
• Author(s): MELISSA A. BODNAR WILLARD; VICTORIA L. MCGUFFIN; RUTH WADDELL SMITH
• Date Published: October 2011
• Length: 10 pages
• Grant Number(s): 2009-D1-BX-K206; 2008-DN-BX-K216
• Agencies: NIJ-Sponsored
• Publication Type: Research (Applied/Empirical)
• Award: NIJ/FSF Forensic Science Student Research Program; Development of a Forensic Science Testing and Evaluation Laboratory

Annotation

This paper describes the authors’ development of objective comparison methods to differentiate S. divinorum from other Salvia species, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications.

Abstract

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species (Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student’s t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications. (Published Abstract Provided)