Exhibit 3. Dual System Youth Pathways

Exhibit 3. Dual System Youth Pathways from the NIJ Journal article "Dual System Youth: At the Intersection of Child Maltreatment and Delinquency."

The researchers in the Dual System Youth Design Study examined all youth whose first juvenile justice petition was filed in 2013 or 2014 in New York City, and between 2010 and 2014 in Cook County and Cuyahoga County. From these data, they theorized six pathways into system involvement typically taken by dual system youth. (1) The Dual Contact — Child Welfare Pathway accounted for 58% of youth in the study. (2) The Dual Contact — Juvenile Justice Pathway accounted for 2%. (3) The Dually Involved — Child Welfare Pathway accounted for 9%. (4) The Dually Involved — Child Welfare Pathway — With a Historical Child Welfare Case accounted for 19%. (5) The Dually Involved — Juvenile Justice Pathway accounted for 3%. (6) The Dually Involved — Juvenile Justice Pathway — With a Historical Child Welfare Case accounted for 9%.