This chapter introduces the reader to theory and research methods used to study the functional morphology of the human skeleton. The chapter provides a brief overview of the different forces acting on bones and then introduces theories for how bone functionally adapts to varying loads, referencing Wolff’s law and critiques thereof. A variety of medical imaging technologies enable nondestructive analysis of the internal structures of the human skeleton. Standard radiography (now available digitally) enables observation of the internal structure of bones, but provides only a two-dimensional image. Biplanar radiography enables only an approximation of three-dimensional shape. Bone density can be determined by densitometry (e.g., DEXA) or by CT imaging with a bone density phantom for calibration. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays to provide images of transverse slices along the bone axis, which can then be translated into three-dimensional models through a process called segmentation. Three-dimensional imaging from CT is ideal for functional morphology research to examine variation in the shape of bones as a result of factors such as sexual dimorphism, body mass, and activity patterns, among others. These methods have the added benefit of providing a digital archive of human skeletal collections. (Publisher abstract provided.)
Downloads
Similar Publications
- Development of an Alternative Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector Method With Optional Electrospray Ionization Time-off-Light Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of Eighteen Phytocannabinoids in Hemp
- Racial Bias in School Discipline and Police Contact: Evidence From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Social Development (ABCD-SD) Study
- Data fusion from infrared, elemental, MSP and Raman for maximizing the efficiency of the forensic examination of paint evidence