Examining Equity in State Victim Compensation Programs: A Multilevel Analysis

• NCJ Number: 310520
• Date Published: 2025
• Length: 18 pages
• Grant Number(s): 15PNIJ-21-GG-00996-NONF
• Agencies: NIJ-Sponsored
• Award: Examining Equity in State Victim Compensation Programs: A Multilevel Analysis

Abstract

Using survey and administrative data across all 50 states, and case study data from Pennsylvania and New Mexico, this study addressed four questions: 1) who applies for compensation, 2) who receives compensation, 3) who receives compensation for lost wages, and 4) what policies and practices address potential disparities in compensation. The report recommends five improvements for victim compensation distribution: 1) access and information through outreach efforts, online applications, and other means; 2) policies without barriers such as criminal history or contributory conduct; 3) training for police, district attorney witness services, and victim service providers to encourage communication about programs; 4) outreach strategies targeting underserved communities; and 5) data collection and evaluation to improve monitoring and evaluation of program outcomes. 

When looking at the quantitative national data, the researchers found that victims of violent crime apply for compensation in fewer than 5% of cases, and service provider availability increased applications. In Pennsylvania and New Mexico, language barriers, fear of law enforcement, and challenges navigating bureaucracy impacted whether claims were approved or denied. Different levels of victim service provider support or variations in police report quality also contribute to neighborhood disparities in compensation approvals. On wage compensation, the report concluded: 1) men were more likely than women to receive these wages in both states; 2) Black victims were more likely to receive compensation than white victims in Pennsylvania, but white victims were more likely to receive compensation than non-white victims in New Mexico; and 3) lacking knowledge about compensation may lead to disparities. 

This report includes 3 tables and 3 figures; it is the result of NIJ grant 15PNIJ-21-GG-00996-NONF, given to the Council of State Governments Justice Center.