Formation and Identification of Novel Derivatives of Primary Amine and Zwitterionic Drugs

• NCJ Number: 253126
• Journal: Forensic Chemistry Issue: 10 Dated: August 2018 Pages: 37-47
• Author(s): Jordan Ash; Logan Hickey; John Goodpaster
• Date Published: August 2018
• Length: 11 pages
• Grant Number(s): 2015-DN-BX-K058
• Agencies: NIJ-Sponsored
• Publication Type: Research (Applied/Empirical); Report (Study/Research); Report (Grant Sponsored); Program/Project Description
• Award: Automated Derivatization and Identification of Controlled Substances via Total Vaporization Solid Phase Microextraction (TV-SPME) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)

Annotation

This study tested three different derivatization agents for their effectiveness with two classes of drugs: primary amines (i.e., amphetamine and 2C-I) and zwitterions (i.e., gabapentin, lorazepam, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and clorazepate). AB

Abstract

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a "workhorse" in the analysis of controlled substances in forensic laboratories; however, many drugs are not amenable to GC-MS due to thermal instability, non-ideal interactions in the column, or both. To improve the suitability of a molecule for analysis by GC-MS, derivatization can be employed. Derivatization replaces a labile hydrogen in the analyte molecule with a more stable functional group. The current study used trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) as an acylating agent, and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was used as a silylating agent. Dimethylformamide-dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA), which has not been previously used for derivatization of drugs, was used as an alkylating agent. DMF-DMA was found to form dimethylaminomethylene derivatives with several primary amines and zwitterions. Amphetamine, 2C-I, gabapentin, and lorazepam were all detected in their underivatized form but generally suffered from peak asymmetry and band broadening. Derivatization resulted in drastic improvements in their chromatographic behavior. Vigabatrin, clorazepate, and pregabalin were not detectable in their underivatized form; however, the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of clorazepate was readily detected by GC-MS, as were the TMS and trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatives of vigabatrin. Derivatization of pregabalin was not successful, resulting in multiple chromatographic peaks with each derivatization agent. The mass spectra of several derivatives were not found in commercially available mass spectral databases; hence, those spectra are reported here with interpretation of their fragmentation. (publisher abstract modified)