1. Haas, S. A., M. Hild, A. P. Wright, T. Hain, D. Talibi, and M. M. Vingron. 2003. Genome-scale design of PCR primers and long oligomers for DNA microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res 31 (19): 5576–81
2. Farley, Mark A., and James J. Harrington, eds. 1991. Forensic DNA technology. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
3. National Research Council, Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science. 1996. The evaluation of forensic DNA evidence: An update. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
4. Butler, John M. 2005. Forensic DNA typing: Biology, technology, and genetics of STR markers. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
5. Innis, Michael A., David H. Gelfand, and John J. Sninsky, eds. 1995. PCR strategies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
6. PREMIER Biosoft International. PCR primer design guidelines. http://www.premierbiosoft.com/tech_notes/PCR_Primer_Design
   (accessed August 31, 2006).
7. Burke, J. F. 1996. PCR: Essential techniques. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons.
8. Erlich, Henry A., ed. 1989. PCR technology: Principles and applications for DNA amplification. New York: Stockton Press.
9. Newton, C. R., and A Graham. 1994. PCR. Oxford, U.K.: BIOS Scientific Publishers.
10. Sugimoto, N., S. Nakano, M. Yoneyama, and K. Honda. 1996. Improved thermodynamic parameters and helix initiation factor to predict stability of DNA duplexes. Nucleic Acids Res 24 (22): 4501–5.
11. Innis, Michael A., David H. Gelfand, John J. Sninsky, and Thomas J. White, eds. 1990. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
12. Rychlik, W., W. J. Spencer, and R. E. Rhoads. 1990. Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 18 (21): 6409–12.
13. Vallone, P. M., and J. M. Butler. 2004. AutoDimer: A screening tool for primer-dimer and hairpin structures. Biotechniques 37 (2): 226–31.
14. Edwards, M., and R. Gibbs. PCR Methods and Applications, 3, S65-S75.
15. Mitsuhashi, M. 1996. Technical report: Part 2; Basic requirements for designing optimal PCR primers. J Clin Lab Anal 10 (5): 285–93.

Online Links

• Applied Biosystems
  http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/
• AutoDimer homepage
  http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div831/strbase/AutoDimerHomepage/ AutoDimerProgramHomepage.htm
• BLAST
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast
• UNAFold (was mFold)
  http://www.ibridgenetwork.org/rpi/unafold
• Oligonucleotide Properties Calculator
  http://www.basic.northwestern.edu/biotools/oligocalc.html
• Primer Design Software Packages
  http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div831/strbase/primer.htm

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